Wild Boar Research and Information (published papers and books)

Referenced material lists:


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Leaping boar

Automatically triggered cameras are proving increasingly useful tools for data collection in animal identification and behavioural studies. This athletic boar was photographed in East Sussex ( © Terry Whittaker Photography - www.terrywhittaker.com - reproduced with permission)



Do you have an academic interest in wild boar? Looking for referenced material? Listed are references on:

  1. Wild Boar in Britain
  2. Wild boar Worldwide
  3. Farming Wild Boar
  4. Feral pigs Worldwide

Note: Feral pigs are not true wild boar but are descendants of escaped domestic pigs. They share several behavioural traits with wild boar but their appearance is different, resembling more the breed of domestic pig from which they originate. This distinction can blur after several generations living wild as they begin to revert to type. However, where feral pigs and wild boar occur in the same area they will readily hybridize and distinguishing hybrid animals from pure wild boar becomes difficult if not impossible. Placing these hybrid populations into a specific category is a nightmare so bear with us if there are a few discrepancies in the classifications.

Do you know a useful reference that we have not listed? - please let us know.

Email address: British Wild Boar.

For simplicity we will have to include only references, books and seminars using English as the first language. Apologies to many of our learned colleagues overseas.

Wild Boar in Britain

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Albarella U. (2010) The Wild Boar in Extinctions and Invasions. A Social History of British Fauna. Edited by O'Connor T and Sykes N. Chapter 8, pages 59-67. Windgather Press, Oxford.

Brownlow M.J.C. (1994) Towards a Framework of Understanding for the Integration of Forestry with Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) and European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa scrofa) Husbandry in the United Kingdom. Forestry, 67 (3) 189-218

Goulding, M.J. (2001) Possible genetic sources of free-living wild boar. Sus scrofa in southern England. Mammal Review 31 (3)245-248.

Wild boar trap A wild boar trap in situ in an East Sussex woodland (© Martin Goulding).



Goulding, M.J. (2001) Wild boar signs in southern England. British Wildlife 13 (1) 38-41.

Goulding, M.J. (2003) Investigation of free-living wild boar (Sus scrofa) in southern England. DPhil thesis, University of Sussex .

Goulding, M.J. (2004) Wild Boar: what should DEFRA do? ECOS, 25, 34-38.

Goulding, M.J. (2005) Wild Boar. Biological Sciences Review, 17, (4) 9-11.

Goulding M.J. (2003) Wild boar in Britain. Whittet Books, Ltd. Suffolk.

Goulding, M.J. (2008) The wild boar action plan - shooting in the dark? ECOS, 29, 95-100.

Goulding, M.J. (2009) Wild boar issues and arguments-a case study.pdf Int. Urban Ecol Rev, No. 4: 60-66

Goulding, M.J. & Roper, T.J. (2002) Press responses to the presence of free-living wild boar Sus scrofa in southern England. Mammal Review 32 (4)272-282.

Goulding, M.J., Roper, T.J., Smith G.C. and Baker, S.J. (2003): Presence of free-living wild boar Sus scrofa in southern England. - Wildl. Biol. 9 (Suppl. 1): 15-20.

Goulding, M.J., Smith, G. and Baker, S.J. (1998) Current status and potential impact of wild boar in southern England: A risk assessment. Report to Central Science Laboratory.

Howells O. and Edwards-Jones G. (1997) A feasibility study of reintroducing wild Boar Sus scrofa to Scotland: Are existing woodlands large enough to support a minimum viable population Biological Conservation 81 77-89

Leaper R., Massei G., Gorman M.L. and Aspinall R. (1999) The feasibility of re-introducing wild boar (Sus scrofa) to Scotland. Mammal Review 29 (4) 239-259

Morris P.A. (1986) An introduction to reintroductions. Mammal Review 16 (2) 49-52

Sims N. (2006) The ecological impacts of wild boar rooting in East Sussex. DPhil thesis, University of Sussex (3.48 mb .pdf)

Wilson C.J. (2003) Distribution and status of feral wild boar Sus scrofa in Dorset, southern England. Mammal Review 33 (3-4) 302-307

Wilson C.J. (2004) Rooting damage to farmland in Dorset, southern England, caused by feral wild boar (Sus scrofa). Mammal Review 34 (4) 331-335

Trapped wild boar Wild boar trapped in East Sussex. The red dart is anaethetising the animals. They were shortly released unharmed (© Martin Goulding).



Yalden D.W. (1986) Opportunities for Reintroducing British Mammals Mammal Review 2 53-63

Yalden D.W. (2001) The return of the prodigal swine. Biologist 48 (6) 259-262

Wild Boar Worldwide

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Abaigar T. (1992) Spatial Distribution of a Wild Boar Population (Sus scrofa) in a Mediterranean Environment. Ongules/Ungulates 91 409-412

Abaigar T., Del Barrio G., Vericad J.R. (1994) Habitat Preference of Wild Boar in a Mediterranean Environment. Indirect Evaluation by Signs. Mammalia 58 (2) 201-210

Andrzejewski R. and Jezierski W. (1978) Management of a Wild Boar Population and its effects on Commercial Land. Acta Theriologica 23 (19) 309-339

Apollonia M., Randi E. and Toso S (1988) The Systematics of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) in Italy Bullettino di Zoologica 3 213-221

Bialy K. (1996) The effect of boar (Sus scrofa) rooting on the distribution of organic matter in soil profiles and the development of wood anemone (Anemone nemorosa L.) in the oak-hornbeam stand (Tilio-carpinetum) in the Bialowieza primeval forest. Folia Forestalia Polonica Series A - Forestry 38

Blassetti A., Boitani M.C., Riviello M.C. and Visalberghi E. (1988) Activity Budgets and Use of Enclosed Space by Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) Zoo Biology 7 69-79

Boitani L. and Mattei L (1992) Aging Wild Boar by Tooth Eruption Ongules/Ungulates 91 419-421

Boitani L., Mattei L., Morini P. and Zagarese B. (1992) Experimental Release of Captivity Reared Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) Ongules/Ungulates 91 413-417

Boitani L., Mattei L., Nonis D and Corsi F. (1994) Spatial and Activity Patterns of Wild Boars in Tuscany, Italy. Journ. Mammalogy 75 (3) 600-612

Boitani L., Trapanese P., Mattei L and Nonis D. (1995) Demography of a Wild Boar (Sus scrofa, L.) Population, Tuscany, Italy. Gibier Faune Sauvage. 12 109-132

Bratton S.P. (1975) The Effect of the European Wild Boar, Sus scrofa, on Gray Beech Forest in the Great Smoky mountains. Ecology 56 1356-1366

Capua I., Fico R., Banks M., Tamba M. and Calzetta G. (1997) Isolation and Characterisation of an Aujesky’s-Disease Virus Naturally Infecting a Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Veterinary - Microbiology 55 (1-4) 141-146

Cargnelutti B., Spitz F. and Valet G. (1992) Analysis of the Dispersion of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in Southern France Ongules/Ungulates 91 423-425

Conley R. H., Henry V.G. and Matchke G.H. (1972) European Hog Research Project W-34 Tennessee Game and Fish Commission, Nashville.

Cousse S. and Janeau G. (1992) Time Budget and Polyphasic Activity in Wild Boar, Sus scrofa L. Ongules/Ungulates 91 391-394

Cousse S., Spitz F., Hewison M. and Janeau G. (1994) Canadian Journ. Zool. 72 1691-1694

Dardaillon M. (1987) Seasonal Feeding Habits of the Wild Boar in a Mediterranean Wetland, the Camargue (Southern France). Acta theriologica 32 (23) 389-401

Dardaillon M. (1989) Age Class Influences on Feeding Choices of Free-Ranging Wild Boars (Sus scrofa). Can. Jour. Zool. 67 2792-2796

Dardaillon M. and Beugnon G. (1987) The Influence of some Environmental Characteristics on the Movements of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). Biology of Behav. 12 82-92

Delcroix L., Mauget R. and Signoret J.P. (1990) Existence of Synchronisation of reproduction at the Level of Social Group of the European Wild Boar. Journ. Reprod Fert. 89 613-617

Durio P., Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E. and Perrone A. (1992) Monthly Birth Distribution and Structure of an Alpine Population of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in North-West Italy Ongules/Ungulates 91 395-397

Eguchi Y., Tanida H., Tanaka T. and Yoshimoto T. (1997) Colour discrimination in Wild Boars J. Erthol 15 (1-7)

Eslami A. and Farsad-Hamdi S. (1992) Helminth Parasites of Wild Boar, Sus scrofa, in Iran. Journ. of Wildlife Diseases 28 (2) 316-318

Fernández Llario, P., Carranza, J. & Hidalgo de Trucios, S.J. (1996) Social organization of the wild boar (Sus scrofa) Dońana National Park. Miscelanea Zoologica19 (2) 9-18.

Trapped boar

If you have forgotten your anaesthetic, resort to this method of removing a wild boar from the trap - absolute nutters! Defra would never let me do it this way, thankfully!

Fernández Llario, P. & Mateos-Quesada, P. (1988) Body size and reproductive parameters in the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) Acta Theriologica 43 439-444.

Fernández Llario, P., Carranza, J. & Mateos-Quesada, P. (1999) Sex allocation in a polygynous mammal with large litters: the wild boar. Animal Behaviour 58 1079-1084.

Fernández Llario, P. & Carranza, J. (2000) Reproductive performance of the wild boar in a mediterranean ecosystem under drought conditions. Ethology, Ecology and Evolution 12335-343.

Focardi S., Toso S. and Pecchioli E. (1996) The population modelling of fallow dear and wild boar in a Mediterranean ecosystem. Forest Ecology and Management 88 (1-2) 7-14

Fruzinski B. (1995) Situation of wild boar populations in Western Poland IBEX Journal of Mountain Ecology 3 186-187

Gallo Orsi U., Macchi E., Perrone A. and Durio P. (1992) Biometric Data and Growth Rates of an Alpine Population of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Ongules/Ungulates 91 427-429

Hannes Geisser and Heinz-Ulrich Reyer (2005)The influence of food and temperature on population density of wild boar Sus scrofa in the Thurgau (Switzerland).

Genov P. (1981) Food Composition of Wild Boar in North Eastern and Western Poland. Acta Theriologica 26 (10) 185-205

Genov P. (1981) Significance of Natural Biocenoses and Agrocenoses as the Source of Food for Wild Boar (Sus Scrofa L.) Ekologia Polska 29 (1) 117-136

Genov P. (1992) Craniometrical characteristics of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) in North-West Africa, Central-East Europe, Central Asia and Far East. Ongules/Ungulates 91 85-89

Genov P. (1999) A review of the cranial characteristics of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa Linnaeus 1758), with systematic conclusions. Mammal Review 29 (4) 205-238

Genov P., Gigantesco P. and Massei G. (1998) Interactions between black-billed magpie and fallow deer. The Condor 100 177-179

Genov P., Massei G., Barbalova Z. and Kostova V. (1992) Aging Wild Boar by Teeth Ongules/Ungulates 91 399-402

Genov P., Massei G. & Kostova V. (1994) Die Nutzung derWildschweinpopulation in Europa in Theorie und Praxis. (The managementof wild boar populations in Europe: theory and practice). Z. Jagdwiss.40: 263-267.

Genov P. V., Massei G. & Nikolov H. (1995) Morphometrical analysis of two Mediterranean wild boar populations. Ibex J. Mount. Ecol. 3:69-71.

Genov P., Nikolov H., Massei G. and Gerasimov S. (1991) Craniometrical analyses of Bulgarian wild boar Journal of Zoology, London. 225 309-325

Gerard J., Cargnelutti B., Spitz F., Valet G. and Sardin T. (1991) Habitat use of wild boar in French agroecosystem from late winter to early summer. Acta Theriologica 36 (1-2) 119-129

Graves H.B. (1984) Behaviour and Ecology of Wild and Feral Swine (Sus scrofa) Journ. of An. Sc. 58 (2) 482-492

Greenbloom S.L., Martinsmith P., Isaacs S. and Marshall B. (1997) Outbreak of Trichonosis in Ontario Secondary to the Ingestion of Wild Boar Meat. Canadian Journal of Public Health 88 (1) 52-56 (English Abstract)

Groot Bruinderink G.W.T.A. and Hazebroek E. (1994) Diet and Condition of Wild Boar, Sus scrofa scrofa, without Supplementary Feeding. J. Zool. Lond. 233 631-648

Groot Bruinderink G.W.T.A. and Hazebroek E. (1995) Modelling Carrying Capacity for Wild Boar Sus scrofa scrofa in a forest/heathland ecosystem Wildlife Biology 1 (2) 81-87

Groot Bruinderink G.W.T.A. and Hazebroek E. (1996) Ungulate Traffic Collisions in Europe. Conservation Biology 10 (4) 1056-1057

Groot Bruinderink G.W.T.A. and Hazebroek E. (1996) Wild Boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) rooting and forest regeneration on podzolic soils in the Netherlands. Forest Ecology and Management 88 71-80

Groot Bruindernk G.G. (1995) Habitat use, Diet, Reproduction and Mortality of Wild Boar in Forest/Heathland Ecosystem In Gurnell J. (Ed) 2nd European Congress of Mammalogy, Abstract Book, Southampton University, England.

Henry V.G. and Conley R.H. (1972) Fall foods of European Wild Hogs in the Southern Appalachians. Journ. of Wildl. Mgmt. 36 (3) 854-860

Hirotani A. and Nakatani J. (1987) Grouping Patterns and Inter Group Relationships of Japanese Wild Boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in the Rokko Mountain Area Ecological Research 2 77-84

Honda T and Sugita M. (2007) Environmental factors affecting damage by wild boars (Sus scrofa) to rice fields in Yamanashi Prefecture, central Japan. Mammal Study 32 (4) 173–176

Horrell, I (1997) The characterization of suckling in wild boar. Applied Animal Behavior Science 15 271-277

Howe T.D., Singer F. J. and Ackerman B.B. (1981) Forage Relationships of European Wild Boar invading Northern Hardwood Forest Journ. Wildl. Manag. 45 (3) 748-754

Wild boar radio-collar A wild boar with a recently fitted radio-collar. The collars typically were removed by the boar, or dropped off naturally, after a few months (© Martin Goulding).



Humbert J.F. (1992) Helminth parasitism as a factor of mortality among Wild Ungulates in Europe ; Metastrongylus sp. Lungworms of the Wild Boar Ongules/Ungulates 91 535-538

Janeau G. and Spitz F. (1984) The Use of Space by Wild Boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.): Distribution and Patterns of Use. Gibier Faune Sauvage 1 73-89 (English Summary)

Janeau G., Cargnelutti B., Cousse S., Hewison M. and Spitz F. (1995) Daily Movement Pattern Variations in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.). IBEX Journal of Mountain Ecology 3 98-101

Jedrzejewska B., Okarma H., Jedrzejewska W. and Milkowski L. (1994) Effects of exploitatin and protection on forest structure, ungulate density and wolf predation in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland. Journal of Applied Ecology 31 664-676

Jedrzejewska W., Schmidt K., Milkowski L., Jedrzejewska B. and Okarma H (1993) Foraging by lynx and its role in ungulate mortality: the local (Bialowieza Forest) and the Palaeartic viewpoints Acta Theriologica 38 (4) 385-403

Jezierski W. (1977) Longevity and Mortality Rate in a Population of Wild Boar. Acta Theriologica 22 (24) 337-348

Jezierski W. and Myrcha A. (1975) Food Requirements of a Wild Boar Population. Pol. Ecol. Stud. 1 (2) 61-83

Kanzaki N., Perzanowski K. and Nowosad M. (1998) Factors affecting wild boar (Sus scrofa) population dynamics in Bieszczady, Poland Gibier Faune Sauvage 15 (3) 1171-1178

Lloyd D.S., Smith R.B. and Sundberg K.A. (1987) Introduction of European wild boar to Marmot Island, Alaska. The Murrelet. 68 57-58

Macchi E., Gallo Orsi U., Perrone A. and Durio P. (1992) Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Damages in Cuneo Province (Piedmont, Italy NW) Ongules/Ungulates 91 431-433

Mackin R. (1970) Dynamics of Damage Caused by Wild Boar to Different Agricultural Crops. Acta Theriologica 15 (27) 447-458

Maillard D. and Fournier P. (1995) Effects of shooting with hounds on size of resting range of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) groups in Mediterranean habtat. IBEX Journal of Mountain Ecology 3 102-107

Melis, Claudia; Szafranska, Paulina A.; Jedrzejewska, Bogumila; Barton, Kamil. (2006) Biogeographical variation in the population density of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in western Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography, Volume 33, Number 5, May 2006, pp. 803-811(9)

Massei G. (1994) Pine-tree rubbing by the wild boar. Ecol. Ethol. Evol.32 (1): 17.

Massei G. (1995) Feeding Ecology, Home Range and Habitat Use by the Wild Boar in a Mediterranean Coastal Area (Central Italy). PhD thesis, University of Aberdeen, Scotland.

Massei G., Bacon P. & P.Genov. (1998) Fallow deer and wild boar pellet group disappearance in a Mediterranean area. J. Wildlife Management 60:1086-1094.

Massei G. & Genov P. (1995) Preliminary analysis of factors influencing habitat-use by the wild boar. Ibex J. Mount. Ecol. 3:168-170

Massei G. & Genov P. (1995) Observations of black-billed magpie (Picapica) and carrion crow (Corvus corone cornix) grooming wild boar (Susscrofa). J.Zool.Lond. 236: 338-341.

Massei G., Genov P.V. and Staines B.W. (1996) Diet, Food Availability and Reproduction of Wild Boar in a Mediterranean Coastal Area. Acta Theriologica 41 (3) 307-320

Massei G., Genov P. V., Staines B. W. & Gorman M. L. (1997) Mortality of wild boar in a Mediterranean area in relation to sex and age. J. Zoology.London 242: 394-400.

Massei G. ,Genov P. V., Staines B. W. & Gorman M. L. (1997) Factorsinfluencing home range and activity of wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) in aMediterranean coastal area. J. Zool., London 242: 411-423

Massei G. and Tonini L. (1992) The Management of Wild Boar in the Maremma Natural Park Ongules/Ungulates 91 443-445

Mauget R. (1980) Home Range Concept and Activity Patterns of the European Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) as Determined by Radiotracking 725-728 In A Handbook of Biotelemetry and Radiotracking. Amlaner and MacDonald (Eds) Pergamon Press Incorporated, New York.

Mayer J.J. and Brisbin I.L. (1988) Sex Identification of Sus Scrofa based on canine morphology J. Mammology 69 408-417

McFee A.F., Banner M.W. and Rary J.M. (1966) Variation in Chromosome Number in European Wild Pigs. Cytogenetics 5 75-81

Meriggi A. and Sacchi O. (1992) Factors Affecting Damage by Wild Boars to Cereal Fields in Northern Italy. Ongules/Ungulates 91 439-441

Milton S.J., Dean W.R.J. and Klotz S. (1997) Effects of small scale animal disturbances on plant assemblages of set-aside land in Germany Journal of Vegetation Science 8 45-54

Muller T., Teuffert J., Ziedler K., Possardt C., Kramer., Staubach C. and Conraths F.J. (1998) Pseudorabies in the European wild boar from Eastern Germany. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 34 (2) 251-258

Okarma H (1995) The trophic ecology of wolves and their predatory role in ungulate communities of forest ecosystems in Europe. Acta Theriologica 40 (4) 335-386

Okarma H., Jedrzejewska B., Jedrzejewska W., Krasinkski Z.A. and Milkowski L. (1995) The roles of predation, snow cover, acorn crop, and man-related factors on ungulate mortality in Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland. Acta Theriologica 40 (2) 197-217

Paolo M. and Marina D. (1988) Research on Damages Caused by Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) in Piedmont and Proposal of Intervention Annali-Facolta Di Medicina Veterinaria Torina 33 281-290

Quayyoom M.A., Khan R.A., Khan M.H. and Khaliq A. (1988) Strategies of population census and habitat relations of wild boar in district Faisalabad. Pak.J.Agri.Sci. 25 (3) 191198

Quenette P. and Gerard J.F. (1992) From individual to collective vigilance in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). Canadian Journal of Zoology 70 1632-1635

Randi E. (1995) Conservation genetics of the genus Sus. IBEX Journal of Mountain Ecology 3 6-12

Randi E., G.Massei & P.Genov (1992) Allozyme variability in Bulgarian wild boar populations. Acta Ther 37 271-278.

Russo L., Genov P.V. and Massei G. (1995) Preliminary data of activity patterns of wild boar (Sus scrof) in the Maremma Natural Park (Italy). IBEX Journal of Mountain Ecology 3 126-127

Russo L., Massei G. and Genov P.V. (1997) Daily Home Range and Activity of wild boar in a Mediterranean area free from hunting. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 9 287-294

Rutili D., Ferrari G., Maresca C., De Mia G.M. and Ferraguzzi L. (1992) Experimental Infection of Domestic Pig with Wild Boar Isolate of Swine Fever (SF) virus. Veterinaria Italiana 28 (6) 7-13

Saez-Royuela C. and Telleria J.L. (1986) The Increased Population of the Wild Boar (Sus scrofa L.) in Europe. Mammal Rev. 16 (2) 97-101

Saez-Royuela C., Gomariz C. and Telleria J.L. (1989) Age determination of European wild boar Wildl. Soc Bull. 17 326-329

Santiapillai C. and Chambers M.R. (1980) Aspects of the Population Dynamics of the Wild Pig (Sus scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) in the Ruhuna National Park, Sri Lanka. Spixiana 3 (3) 239-250

Schley, L. (2000) The Badger Meles meles and the Wild Boar Sus scrofa:Distribution and Damage to Agricultural Crops in Luxembourg. D.Phil.Thesis, University of Sussex, UK.

Schley, L., Krier, A., Wagner, M. & Roper, T.J. (1998) Changes in the wild boar Sus scrofa population in Luxembourg during the period 1946 to 1996. Bulletin de la Societe des Naturalistes Luxembourgeois 99 77-85.

Schley, L. & Roper, T. J. (2003) Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa in Western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mammal Review 33 (1): 43-56

Schley, L., Roper, T. J., Schaul, M. & Engel, E. (1999) An Assessment of Badger and Wild Boar Damage to Maize Crops in Luxembourg. In: Abstractsof the 3rd European Congress of Mammalogy, Jyväskylä, Finland, 29 May-3June 1999.

Wild boar radiotag For smaller wild boar, a radio tag on an identity tag allowed the animals movements to be studied. (© Martin Goulding).



Schmidt A. (1986) Wild Boar Control with Electric Fences. Experiences of an effective method for the protection of young coconut plantations. Oleagineux 41 (12) 560-561

Schmid-Vielgut B, Dopf M. and Bogenschutz H. (1991) Effect of Fenced-In Wild Boar on May-Bug Population Density Allgemeine Forst Zeitschrift 46 719-721

Shafi M.M. and Khokhar A.R. (1986) Some Observations on Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and its Control in Sugarcane Areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Journ. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. 83 (1) 63-67

Singer F.J., Otto D.K., Tipton A.R. and Hable C.P. (1981) Home ranges, Movements and Habitat use of European Wild Boar in Tennessee. J. Wildl. Mgmt. 45 (2) 343-353

Smiet A.C., Fulk G.W. and Lathiya S.B. (1979) Wild Boar Ecology in Thatta District: A Preliminary Study. Pakistan Journ. Zool. 11 (2) 295-302

Spitz F. (1992) General model of the spatial and social organisation of the wild boar (Sus scrofa L.) Ongules/Ungulates 91 385-389

Spitz F. and Janeau G. (1990) Spatial Strategies: An Attempt to Classify Daily Movements of Wild Boar. Acta Theriologica 35 (1-2): 129-149

Spitz F. and Janeau G. (1995) Daily Selection of Habitat in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa). Journ. Zool. , Lond. 237 423-434

Spitz F., Janeau. G and Valet G. (1984) Elements de Demographie du Sanglier (Sus scrofa) dans la Region de Gresigne. Acta Ecologica 5 (1) 43-59 (English Summary)

Stopar J. and Zgajnar J. (1995) Palatability of the five most frequently grown potato cultivars in Slovenia to wild boars.ZB. Biotehniske fak. Univ v Ljubljani, Kmetijstvo (Kootechnica) 66 151-160

Telishevskiy D.A. (1990) Wild Boar: Herd Structure, Methods of Preventing Damage. LesnoyeKhozyaystvo 1 51-52

Tikhonov V.N. and Bobovich V.E. (1997) Immuno- and cytogenic peculiarities of wild boar sub-species (Sus scrofa) from different regions of Eurasia and examination of their genetic purity for conservation of subspecies. Proceedings of the 1st international Symposium on Physiologie and Ethology of wild and zoo animals. Berlin, Germany. September 18-21. Supplement II. 229-232

Weiler U., Claus R., Dehnhard M. and Hofacker S. (1996) Influence of the Photoperiod and a Light Reverse Programme on Metabolically Active Hormones and Food Intake in Domestic Pigs Compared with a Wild Boar. Canadian Journ of Animal Science 76 (4) 531-539

Welander J. (1995) Are wild boar a threat to the Swedish Flora IBEX Journal of Mountain Ecology 3 165-167

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